1971-VIL-167-SC-DT

Equivalent Citation: [1972] 83 ITR 92, 1972 AIR 2319, 1972 (1) SCR 470, 1971 (3) SCC 621

Supreme Court of India

Civil Appeals Nos. 1794 to 1796 of 1967

Date: 30.08.1971

HH. PRINCE AZAM JHA BAHADUR (DECD. THROUGH LEGAL REPRESENTATIVES)

Vs

EXPENDITURE-TAX OFFICER, HYDERABAD

BENCH

Judge(s)  : A. N. GROVER., K. S. HEGDE

JUDGMENT

The judgment of the court was delivered by

GROVER J.--- The points involved in all these appeals by certificate are common and relate primarily to the true scope and interpretation of certain provisions of the Expenditure-tax Act, 1957, as amended by the Finance Act, 1959, hereinafter called " the Act ".

The facts in Civil Appeals Nos. 1794 to 1796 of 1967 may be stated. Prince Azam Jha Bahadur, the eldest son of the Nizam of Hyderabad, filed returns for the purpose of assessment of expenditure tax for the assessment years 1959-60, 1960-61 and 1961-62. The assessments were completed as follows :

1959-60 completed on March 27, 1961.

1960-61 " December 22, 1961.

1961-62 " January 25, 1962.

On May 5, 1962, the Expenditure-tax Officer issued notices under section 16 of the Act calling upon the assessee to file supplementary returns for the three years in question on the ground that he had reason to believe that the assessee's expenditure had escaped assessment or had been under-assessed. The supplementary returns were filed on March 16, 1962, declaring the same expenditure as shown in the original returns. It appears that the assessee or the assessee's representative was informed by the Expenditure-tax Officer that the assessments had been reopened for including the expenditure incurred by the wife of the assessee. A letter also appears to have been written by the said officer to the assessee on July 20, 1962, but that letter has not been included in the printed record. The assessee filed three writ petitions in the High Court of Andhra Pradesh challenging the reopening of the assessments on various grounds. The writ petitions were dismissed by a learned single judge of the High Court on November 1, 1963. Appeals were filed by the assessee under the Letters Patent which were ultimately decided by a Full Bench of the High Court. The judgment of the learned single judge was upheld by the Full Bench, although Krishna Rao J., while agreeing with the other two learned judges in dismissing the appeals, wrote a separate judgment and expressed a somewhat different view on some of the points.

In order to determine the questions that have been raised it is necessary to refer to the relevant provisions of the Act as they stood before the amendment made by the Finance Act, 1959, and after the amendment.

BEFORE AMENDMENT AFTER AMENDMENT

" 2(g) 'dependant' means--- " 2(g) 'dependant' means---

(i) where the assessee is an individual, (i) where the assessee is an individual, his or her spouse or child wholly or his or her spouse or minor child and mainly dependent on the assessee for includes any person wholly or mainly support and maintenance ; dependent on the assessee for support and maintenance :

(ii) where the assessee is a Hindu (ii) where the assessee is a Hindu undivided family--- undivided family---

(a) every coparcener other than (a) every coparcener other than the the karta ; and karta ; and

(b) any other member of the (b) any other member of the family family who under any law or order or who under any law or order or decree of a decree of a court is entitled to court is entitled to maintenance from the maintance from the joint family property. joint family property ;

2(h).................. 2(h) ........................

3. Charge of expenditure-tax.--- 3. Charge of expenditure-tax.---

(i) Subject to the other provisions (i) Subject to the other provisions contained contained in this Act, there shall be in this Act, there shall be charged for charged for every financial year every financial year commencing on and commencing on and from the first day of from the first day of April, 1958, a tax April, 1958, a tax (hereinafter referred [hereinafter referred to as expenditure tax) to as expenditure tax) at the rate or rates at the rate or rates specified in the schedule the specified in the schedule in respect in respect of the expenditure incurred by any of the expenditure incurred by any individual or Hindu undivided family in the individual or Hindu undivided family in the previous year year :

in the previous year :

Provided that no expenditure-tax shall be payable by an assessee for any assessment year if his income from all sources during the relevant previous year as reduced by the amount of taxes

to which such income may be liable

under any other law for the time being

in force does not exceed rupees

thirty-six thousand.

Provided that no expenditure-tax shall be

S.4...... the following amounts shall be payable by an assessee for any assessment included in computing the expenditure year if the income from all sources derived by of an assessee... the assessee and his dependants during the

previous year as reduced by the amount of

taxes to which such income may be liable

under any law for the time being in force does

not exceed rupees thirty-six thousand.

Explanation.........

S. 4(i)............... S. 4.---no change.

(ii) Any expenditure incurred by (ii) Where the assessee is an individual, any dependant of the assessee for the any expenditure incurred by any dependant of benefit of the assessee or of any of his the assessee, and where the assessee is a dependants out of any gift, donation Hindu undivided family, any expenditure or settlement on trust or out incurred by any dependent from or out of any of any other source made or created by income or property transferred directly or the assessee, whether directly or indirectly to the dependant by the assessee.

indirectly.

Explanation ............

S. 6(1) The taxable expenditure of an 6(1) The taxable expenditure of an assesses assessee for any year shall be for any year shall be computed after making computed after making the following the following deductions and allowances, deductions and allowances, namely :... namely :....

(h) a basic allowance--- (h) a basic allowance---

(i) where the assessee is an individual, (i) where the assessee is an individual, of of Rs. 30,000 and Rs. 30,000 for himself and all his dependants."

(ii) ..................... "

The controversy has centered round the definition in section 2(g) of the word " dependant " for the purpose of section 4(ii). According to the assessee, his wife, who admittedly had her own properties and assets and had substantial income therefrom, could not be regarded as a dependant within section 2(g) and, therefore, her expenditure could not be included under section 4(ii) for computing the expenditure of the assessee for the purpose of assessing his liability to tax under the Act. In other words, even after the amendment made in 1959, " dependant " meant where the assessee was an individual, his or her spouse or child wholly or mainly dependent on the assessee for support and maintenance. Now, after the amendment, the language underwent a complete change and sufficiently clear language was employed according to which " dependant " meant where the assessee was an individual his or her spouse or minor child and included any person wholly or mainly dependent on the assessee for support and maintenance. But the Madras and the Madhya Pradesh High Courts have given decisions which support the view advanced on behalf of the assessee. It will be best to examine the reasoning in these decisions because the arguments which have been addressed to us are based mainly on the same grounds. In Commissioner of Expenditure-tax v. T. S. Krishna the Madras High Court referred to the decision of the Madhya Pradesh High Court in Rajkumarsinghji v. Commissioner of Expenditure-tax, which is the subject-matter of the other set of appeals, i.e., Civil Appeals Nos. 2389 to 2391 of 1968. In the Madras case the view of the Madhya Pradesh High Court was not accepted, viz., that the expression " any expenditure incurred by any dependant from or out of any income or property transferred directly or indirectly to the dependant by the assessee " occurring in section 4(ii) applied not only when the assessee was a Hindu undivided family but also when the assessee was an individual. But the reasoning with regard to delimiting the scope and effect of section 2(g)(i) in the Madhya Pradesh case was accepted. This is what was observed by the Madras High Court at page 545 :

" The word " dependant " is not a term of art in taxation and should bear its natural meaning, which may not include one who is independent and who does not require and get the assistance of another for support and maintenance. There is nothing in the language of section 2(g)(i) which compels us to take a different view. As it originally stood, the expression meant in the case of an assessee who is an individual 'his or her spouse or child wholly or mainly dependent on the assessee for support and maintenance'. Even after the amendment, that substantially remains to be the position in the case of a spouse or child except that the child should be be a minor and that the expression 'dependant' has been expanded to include, apart from spouse or minor child, any person who factually is a dependant on the individual for support and maintenance. "

It was further observed that it was not possible to see why a distinction had been made between the spouse or the minor child of an individual on the one hand and the spouse or the minor child of a coparcener in a Hindu undivided family on the other hand. In the latter case the expenditure of a wife or a minor child who would be a member or coparcener could be included in the taxable expenditure of the Hindu undivided family only if the wife or the minor child was entitled to maintenance from the joint family property under any law or order of a court. There was no reason why from the standpoint of checking evasion of tax that qualification was to be ignored in the case of a spouse or minor child of an individual. It was also suggested that if the view commended by the revenue were to be accepted one will have to impute to the legislature an unjustifiable discrimination in the matter of addition of expenditure between a spouse or minor child of an individual or minor child of a coparcener in a Hindu undivided family. Such a discrimination could not have been intended.

Another argument which was employed in the Madhya Pradesh case, and which appealed to the High Court was that as the unit of assessment was the individual and not the individual together with his or her spouse and the minor children, the result would be that the expenditure incurred by the husband and the wife separately from their independent sources would be subject to double taxation once with the husband as an assessee and the wife as the dependant and again with the wife as the assessee and the husband as the dependant. This result would follow if section 2(g)(i) is to be interpreted to mean that where the assessee is an individual his or her spouse or minor child would be a dependant irrespective of the fact whether such spouse or minor child was wholly independent of the assessee for support and maintenance. As such an absurd result could not be contemplated by the Act it must be held that it was only that spouse or minor child who was wholly or mainly dependant on the assessee for support and maintenance who would fall within the definition of the term " dependant " given in section 2(g)(i).

We are unable to concur in the view of the Madras and Madhya Pradesh High Courts that the word " dependant " in section 2(g)(i) should be given a meaning which, owing to the clear and plain language employed therein, cannot possibly be given. Section 2(g)(i) has to be read in two parts. The first part which ends with minor child followed by a comma contains the word " means ". The second part is intended to include the kind of person mentioned therein, namely, one who is wholly or mainly dependant on the assessee for support and maintenance. Before the inclusive part of the definition starts the meaning of the word " dependant " has been clearly and completely specified. If section 2(g)(i) as it stood before the amendment is contrasted with the section as it was substituted by the amendment the intention of the legislature becomes obvious. Before the amendment " dependant " meant, where the assessee was an individual, his or her spouse or child wholly or mainly dependent on the assessee for support and maintenance. After the amendment, section 2(g)(i) underwent a complete change. The legislature stopped short of making the spouse or the minor child dependent on the assessee for support and maintenance and employed those words only for the new category of persons who came to be included, namely, any one who was neither the spouse nor the minor child of the assessee but was otherwise wholly or mainly dependent on him for support and maintenance. Thus, in the concluding part even major children of the assessee came to be included so long as they satisfied the conditions that they were wholly or mainly dependent on him. The argument that the amended definition is only intended to enlarge the categories of " dependant " by adding another category cannot be sustained.

Coming next to clause (ii) of section 2(g) which deals with a case where the assessee is a Hindu undivided family no change was made in the language even after the amendment. There every coparcener other than the karta would fall within the meaning of " dependant " and also any other member of the family who under any law, order or decree of a court is entitled to maintenance from the joint family property. Section 4(ii) again deals with different cases. The first is where the assessee is an individual ; in his case any expenditure incurred by his dependant is to be included in the computation of the expenditure to be subjected to tax. The other is where the assessee is a Hindu undivided family. Any expenditure incurred by any dependant from out of the income or property transferred directly or indirectly to the dependant by the assessee is to be included in computation of the assessee's liability. Thus the two cases are dealt with separately both in section 2(g) and section 4(ii). In other words, where the assessee is an individual one has to look for his dependant to clause (g)(i) and where the assessee is a Hindu undivided family the dependant has to be found in clause (g)(ii) of section 2. The argument that has been pressed on behalf of the assessee is that the use of the common word to " assessee " in the concluding part of section 4(ii) which can take in both the individual as well as the Hindu undivided family shows that the words preceding it apply to both the cases. It is true that the words " Hindu undivided family " have not been used instead of the word " assessee " towards the concluding part of section 4(ii). But that will not alter the true import of the aforesaid provision read with section 2(g). The scheme, as noticed before, is that the assessees have been divided into two classes which are well known. One is that of an individual and the other of the Hindu undivided family. In the case of an individual assessee the only qualification for the expenditure to be included in his assessment is that it should have been incurred by his dependant as defined in section 2(g)(i). In the case of a Hindu undivided family it could be included only if it is from out of the income or property transferred directly or indirectly to the dependant by the family. Even otherwise looking at the context in which the word " assessee " is found in the concluding part of section 4(ii) that word has clearly been used only with reference to the second part of clause (ii) which relates to the case of an assessee which is a Hindu undivided family.

It does look somewhat anomalous and illogical that where the expenditure has been incurred by the wife and minor children who are altogether independent of the assessee and which has no connection with their being dependent on him or with any property transferred to them should be included in the expenditure of the assessee. The position would be similar where the wife is the assessee and the expenditure incurred by the husband comes to be included in computation of her liability to tax because the word used is " spouse " in section 2(g)(i). But it must be remembered that logic or reason cannot be of much avail in interpreting a taxing statute.

We are unable to see that any double taxation would be involved if the meaning of the word " dependant " as given in the first part of section 2(g)(i) is to be applied without qualifying the same with what follows in the second part of that clause, i.e., that that person should be wholly or mainly dependent on the assessee for support and maintenance. Although there is no bar to double taxation but the legislature must distinctly enact it. It is only when there are general words of taxation and they have to be interpreted that they cannot be so interpreted as to tax the subject twice over to the same tax. There is nothing in the Act which does away with the principle that, in the absence of an express provision, the same item will not be taxed over again. Moreover, the charging section 3 only subjects to tax the expenditure incurred by an individual or a Hindu undivided family. Once the expenditure incurred by both the assessee as an individual and the spouse has been included in his or her assessment of expenditure tax, it cannot be again subjected to tax in the assessment of the other spouse. The learned Solicitor-General agrees to this being the true position.

A good deal of reliance has been placed on the decisions which are in favour of the assessee that there is no reasonable basis for making a distinction between an assessee who is an individual and an assessee, that is, a Hindu undivided family, which would justify a different treatment. It was and has been suggested that the relevant provisions of the Act should not be so interpreted as to give rise to discrimination between the two cases, there being no reasonable basis for such discrimination. We find no force or substance in this argument. Firstly, it is not disputed that the case of an individual and that of a Hindu undivided family fall into two different classes. The challenge is based only on there being no nexus between the differentia and the object sought to be achieved by the legislation, the suggestion being that favourable treatment has been accorded to the Hindu undivided family. The learned single judge who disposed of writ petitions in the present cast considered the matter very fully and we find no infirmity in his reasoning in coming to the conclusion that in a tax legislation where the incidence of tie tax falls differently upon different classes of assessees as in the present case it cannot be said that there is legislation without any classification or that there is no rational relation to the object. According to the learned judge, the object of the enactment is to augment the revenue, to encourage thrift and to avoid wasteful expenditure and because some classes are taxed higher than the others or some are given concessions while others are not, it cannot be held that there has been discrimination within the meaning of article 14.

It was contended before the High Court and that contention has been reiterated in a half-hearted manner before us that the Act was void ab initio for want of legislative competence. It has been pointed out that there is no entry in List I of the Seventh Schedule or List III relating to tax on expenditure. Reference has been made to entry 62 in List II which reads " Taxes on luxuries including taxes on entertainments, amusements, betting and gambling ". We are wholly unable to comprehend how expenditure-tax can fall within the aforesaid entry. We are in entire agreement with the majority decision of the Andhra Pradesh High Court that entry 97 in List I which is the residuary entry covers the tax of the kind imposed by the Act.

Mr. M. C. Chagla while supporting the judgment under appeal in Civil Appeals Nos. 2389 to 2391 of 1968 has sought support from what is stated at pages 212-213 of Craies on Statute Law (6th edition). Cockburn C.J, said as early as in the year 1865 in Wakefield Board of Health v. West Riding, etc., Ry. :

" I hope the time will come when we shall see no more of interpretation clauses, for they frequently lead to confusion. "

It has also been pointed out that an interpretation clause which extends the meaning of a word does not take away its ordinary meaning. In other words, an interpretation clause which extends the meaning by using the word " include " is not meant to prevent the word receiving its ordinary, popular and natural sense whenever that would be properly applicable. Mr. Chagla has laid a great deal of stress on the meaning of the word " dependant " and according to him that word as defined in the first part of section 2(g)(i) of the Act cannot lose its natural signification and import even though the language of the statutory provision seems to confine its meaning to the spouse or minor child of the assessee without any further qualification. The contention of Mr. Chagla cannot be acceded to. In the absence of any ambiguity in the language employed in the first part of section 2(g)(i), we have to go by the plain meaning and that is confined to the spouse or minor child of the assessee when he is an individual irrespective of such spouse or minor child being dependent on, or independent of, the assessee for support and maintenance. As a matter of fact, the whole construction of that clause leaves no room for doubt that in the first part, no question of dependence in fact arises and the spouse or the minor child simpliciter has to be treated as a dependant. The conjunctive word " and " appearing between the two parts makes the intention of the legislature still clearer. The second part or any words in that part do not qualify the first part. We may conclude the discussion on this point by referring to a decision of the Bombay High Court in M. N. Patwardhan v. Commissioner of Expenditure-tax, in which the decision of the Andhra Pradesh High Court under appeal has been followed after a full consideration of the various points which arose for determination. Rajkumar Singhji's case which is the subject-matter of appeal in Civil Appeals Nos. 2389 to 2391 of 1968, was dissented from by the Bombay High Court. In our judgment the majority of the Full Bench of the Andhra Pradesh High Court was right in holding that the expenditure incurred by the wife of the assessee was includible in his assessment for computing the expenditure-tax under the Act.

The other point which was canvassed before the High Court of Andhra Pradesh and has been urged before us relates to the validity of the notice which was issued by the Expenditure-tax Officer for reopening the assessments in question. In the notices it was stated that whereas the Expenditure-tax Officer had reason to believe that expenditure chargeable to expenditure-tax had (a) escaped assessment, (b) been under-assessed, (c) been assessed at too low a rate, it was proposed to reassess the expenditure for the assessment year in question. The assessee was required to file a return in Form "A" of expenditure for the assessment years in question. From the judgment of the learned single judge it appears that in a subsequent letter, the Expenditure-tax Officer referred to " return of expenditure filed in response to the notices issued under section 16(a) of the Expenditure-tax Act, 1957. " In the writ petition which was filed on behalf of Prince Azam Jha Bahadur in the High Court, it was stated in paragraph 7 that the action of the Expenditure-tax Officer in reopening the assessments under section 16(a) was wholly arbitrary and illegal. It was, however, further stated, " there has been no omission or failure on the part of the petitioner to make a return of his expenditure or to disclose fully and truly all material facts. Nor has the respondent come into possession of any information warranting a reasonable belief that any expenditure has escaped taxation. All the material facts were disclosed. All the necessary information was available. " In the counter-affidavit of the Expenditure-tax Officer in paragraph 5, it was asserted that he had reason to believe that on account of omission or failure on the part of the assessee to disclose truly and fully all material facts necessary for his assessment, expenditure of his dependant chargeable to tax had escaped assessment. In paragraph 6 also, reliance was placed mainly on the provisions of section 16(a) of the Act but, in paragraph 9, the Expenditure-tax Officer went on to say that the actual expenditure incurred by the assessee's wife was disclosed by her returns filed before him and in consequence of the aforesaid information available to him on 5th May, 1962, he had reason to believe that the expenditure of the assessee chargable to tax had escaped assessment. It was pointed out that the notices which had been issued were within the four years limit applicable to section 16(b) of the Act. It was reiterated that, as the notices had been issued within four years, reassessment proceedings could be sustained either under section 16(a) or section 16(b) of the Act.

Section 16 of the Act is in the following terms :

" 16. If the Expenditure-tax Officer---

(a) has reason to believe that by reason of the omission or failure on the part of the assessee to make a return of his expenditure under section 13 for any assessment year, or to disclose fully and truly all material facts necessary for his assessment for that year, the expenditure chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for that year, whether by reason of under-assessment or assessment at too low a rate or otherwise ; or

(b) has, in consequence of any information in his possession, reason to believe, notwithstanding that there has been no such omission or failure as is referred to in clause (a), that the expenditure chargeable to tax has escaped assessment for any assessment year, whether by reason of under-assessment or assessment at too low a rate or otherwise ; he may, in cases falling under clause (a) at any time within eight years and in cases falling under clause (b) at any time within four years of the end of that assessment year, serve on the assessee a notice containing all or any of the requirements which may be included in a notice under sub-section (2) of section 13, and may proceed to assess or reassess such expenditure, and the provisions of this Act shall, so far as may be, apply as if the notice had issued under that sub-section. "

On behalf of the assessee, a contention had been raised before the learned single judge of the High Court that the notices had been issued by the Expenditure-tax Officer under section 16(a) of the Act. The notices were illegal inasmuch as the facts that Princess Durree Shehvar was the wife of the assessee and that she had to be considered as his dependant within the meaning of section 2(g)(i) of the Act were within the knowledge of the Expenditure-tax Officer and had been duly mentioned to him and as such there was no omission or failure on the part of the assessee to make a return of his expenditure or to disclose fully and truly all material facts. Since all the material facts had been disclosed and all the necessary information was available, the Expenditure-tax Officer had no jurisdiction to reopen the assessment merely because he had changed his opinion.

It is no doubt true that the impression created by the notices which were issued and the correspondence which followed between the assessee and the Expenditure-tax Officer was that the notices had been issued under section 16(a) of the Act, but, in the writ petitions and the returns which were filed, both sides were quite clear that the matter was not confined only to clause (a) of section 16(1) and clause (b) figured prominently. We are unable to see that the notices which had been issued were confined only to the terms of section 16(a). It is not disputed on behalf of the assessee that if the matter was covered by section 16(b), they would be perfectly valid. The pleadings in the writ petitions covered both clauses of section 16 and, in any case, the Expenditure-tax Officer had made a positive averment that the information with regard to the expenditure incurred by the assessee's wife became available to him only on 5th May, 1962. Thus, the notices which were issued on that date relating to the assessment years 1959-60, 1960-61 and 1961-62 were within the period of four years which was the limit prescribed with regard to action under clause (b), the limit being more in respect of clause (a). In our judgment, this concludes the matter because it was nowhere controverted in the High Court that the requisite information came into the possession of the Expenditure-tax Officer only on 5th May, 1962.

In the result, Civil Appeals Nos. 1794 to 1796 of 1967 fail and are hereby dismissed. The other set of appeals, i.e., Civil Appeals Nos. 2389 to 2391 of 1968, of the Commissioner of Expenditure-tax succeed and are hereby allowed. The answer given by the High Court in that case to the question referred by the Tribunal shall stand discharged and instead the answer to the question will be in the affirmative and in favour of the revenue. Keeping in view the nature of the points involved, the parties are left to bear their own costs in all these appeals.

C.As. Nos. 1794 to 1796 of 1967 dismissed.

C.As. Nos. 2389 to 2391 of 1968 allowed.

 

 

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